NAD+

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme present in every living cell and is required for fundamental biological processes, including cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular stress responses. As a central molecule in redox reactions, NAD+ enables the transfer of electrons that drive ATP production through pathways such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Because of its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, NAD+ is critical for overall cellular function and resilience. Research shows that NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, a change associated with reduced mitochondrial efficiency, impaired DNA-repair capacity, increased oxidative stress, and…